C language (Intorduction)

C Language

 

Program and Software

 

Computer Programming le>us ls igys gesa ;s le>uk gksrk gS fd Computer D;k dke djrk gS vkSj dSls dke djrk gSA dEI;qVj dk eq[; dke Data dk Management djuk gksrk gSA gekjs vkl&ikl tks Hkh phtsa gesa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] Computer ds fy, os lHkh Data gSa vkSj ,d Programmer dks bu lHkh phtksa dks Computer esa Data ds :i esa gh Represent djuk gksrk gSA Computer dsoy Electrical Signals ;k e”khuh Hkk’kk dks le>rk gSA ;s e”khuh Hkk’kk ck;ujh :i esa gksrh gS] tgka fdlh Signal ds gksus dks 1 o uk gksus dks 0 ls iznf”kZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ge gekjh fdlh ckr dks Binary Format esa Computer esa Feed dj ldsa] rks Computer gekjh ckr dks le> ldrk gSA

Computer Hkk"kk og Hkk"kk  gksrh gS ftls Computer le> ldrk gS] D;ksafd gj Computer Hkk"kk  dk ,d Software gksrk gSA ;s Software gekjh ckr dks Computer ds le>us ;ksX; e’khuh Hkk"kk ;k Binary Format esa Convert djrk gSA Computer dks dksbZ ckr le>kus ds fy, mls ,d fuf’pr Øe esa lwpuk,a nsuh gksrh gSa] ftUgsa Instructions dgk tkrk gSA

 

tc fdlh dke dk ,d lqO;ofLFkr ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, Computer dks fn, tkus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds Instructions dks ,d lewg ds :i esa O;ofLFkr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks Instructions ds bl lewg dks Program dgk tkrk gSA Computer bu nh xbZ Instructions ds vuqlkj dke djrk gS vkSj ftl rjg dk ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, Program fy[kk x;k gksrk gS] Computer gesa Program ds vk/kkj ij mlh izdkj dk ifj.kke iznku dj nsrk gSA

 

Computer esa gj Electrical Signal ;k mlds lewg dks Store djds j[kus dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA bu Electrical Signals ds lewg dks File dgrs gSaA Computer esa tks Hkh dqN gksrk gS og File ds :i esa gksrk gSA Computer esa nks rjg dh File gksrh gSA igyh og File gksrh gS ftlesa ge gekjs egRoiw.kZ Data Store djds j[krs gSaA bls Data File dgk tkrk gSA nwljh File og File gksrh gS] ftlesa Computer ds fy, os Instructions gksrh gSa] tks Computer dks crkrh gSa fd mls fdlh Data ij fdl izdkj ls Processing djds Result Generate djuk gSA bl nwljh izdkj dh File dks Program File dgk tkrk gSA

 

ge fofHkUu izdkj dh Computer Languages esa Program Files gh Create djrs gSaA tc cgqr lkjh Program Files fey dj fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djokrh gSa] rks mu Program Files ds lewg dks Software dgk tkrk gSA Computer Software eq[;r;k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa%

 

System Software:

;s Software mu izksxzkeksa dk ,d leqg gksrk gSa tks dEI;wVj dh Performance dks Control djrk gSA ;kuh Computer ij fdl rjg ls ,d izksxzke ju gksxk vkSj fdl rjg ls izksxzke Output nsxkA fdl rjg Hard Disk ij Files Save gksaxh] fdl rjg iqu% izkIr gksaxh] vkfnA Windows, Unix, Linux, vkfn System Software ds mnkgj.k gSaA

 

Application

;s Software izksxzkejksa }kjk fy[ks tkrs gSa o ;s Software fdlh [kkl izdkj dh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ds fy, gksrs gSasA tSls Tally, MS–Office vkfn Application Software gSaA

 

Computer Architecture

Computer ls viuk eupkgk dke djokus ds fy,] lcls igys gesa Computer ds Architecture dks le>uk gksxkA Computer ds Architecture dks le>s fcuk] ge Computer Programming dks Bhd ls ugha le> ldrsA Computer System ds eq[;&eq[; rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa&

I/O Devices

os Devices ftuls Computer esa Data Input fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Computer ls Data Output esa izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] I/O Devices dgykrh gSaA Keyboard ,d Standard Input Device gS vkSj Monitor ,d Standard Output Device gSA

 

Center Processing Unit (CPU)

;g ,d Microprocessor Chip gksrk gSA bls Computer dk fnekx Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd Computer esa tks Hkh dke gksrk gS] mu lHkh dkeksa dks ;k rks CPU djrk gS ;k Computer ds vU; Devices ls mu dkeksa dks djokrk gSA bldk eq[; dke fofHkUu izdkj ds Programs dks Execute djuk gksrk gSA bl CPU esa Hkh fuEu foHkkx gksrs gSa tks vyx&vyx dke djrs gSa%

 

Control Unit

bl Unit dk eq[; dke lkjs Computer dks Control djuk gksrk gSA CPU dk ;s Hkkx Computer dh vkarfjd izfØ;kvksa dk lapkyu djrk gSA ;g Input/Output fØ;kvksa dks Control djrk gS] lkFk gh ALU o Memory ds chp Data ds vknku&iznku dks funsZf”kr djrk gSA ;g Program dks Execute djus ds fy, Program ds Instructions dks Memory ls izkIr djrk gS vkSj bu Instructions dks Electrical Signals esa Convert djds mfpr Devices rd igqapkrk gS] ftlls Data ij Processing gks ldsA Control Unit ALU dks crkrk gS fd Processing ds fy, Data Memory esa dgka ij fLFkr gSa] Data ij D;k izfØ;k djuh gS vkSj Processing ds ckn Data dks okil Memory esa dgka ij Store djuk gSA

 

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

CPU ds bl Hkkx esa lHkh izdkj dh vadxf.krh; o rkfdZd izfØ;k,a gksrh gSaA bl Hkkx esa ,slk Electronic Circuit gksrk gS tks Binary Arithmetic dh x.kuk,a djrk gSA ALU Control Unit ls funsZ”k ;k ekxZn’kZu ysrk gS] Memory ls Data izkIr djrk gS vkSj ifj.kke dks ;k Processed Data dks okil Memory esa gh Store djrk gSA

Memory

 

Memory Computer dh Working Storage ;k dk;Zdkjh eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g Computer dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrk gSA bls RAM dgrs gSaA blh esa Process gksus okys Data vkSj Data ij Processing djus ds Program Instructions gksrs gSa] ftUgsa Control Unit ALU esa Processing ds fy, Registers esa Hkstrk gSA Processing ds ckn tks lwpuk,a ;k Processed Data Generate gksrs gSa] os Hkh Memory esa gh vkdj Store gksrs gSaA

 

Memory esa Data dks laxzg djus ds fy, dbZ Storage Locations gksrh gSaA gj Storage Location ,d Byte dh gksrh gS vkSj gj Storage Location dk ,d iw.kkZad Number gksrk gS ftls ml Memory Location dk Address dgrs gSaA

 

gj Storage Location dh igpku mlds Address ls gksrh gSA 1 Byte dh RAM esa ,d gh Character Store gks ldrk gS vkSj blesa flQZ ,d gh Storage Location gks ldrh gSA blh rjg 1 KB dh RAM esa 1024 Storage Locations gks ldrh gSa vkSj blesa 1024 v{kj Store gks ldrs gSaA tks Memory ftrus Byte dh gksrh gS mlesa mrus gh Characters Store gks ldrs gSa vkSj mlesa mruh gh Storage Locations gks ldrh gSaA

 

ftl rjg ls fdlh “kgj esa <sj lkjs ?kj gksrs gSa vkSj gj ?kj dk ,d Number gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh ?kj dh igpku mlds ?kj ds Number ls Hkh gks ldrh gSA mlh rjg ls Memory esa Hkh fofHkUu Storage Cell gksrs gSa ftudk ,d Unique Number gksrk gSA ge fdlh Hkh Storage Cell dks mlds Number ls igpku ldrs gSa vkSj Access dj ldrs gSaA gj Storage Cell ds bl Unique Number dks ml Storage Cell dk Address dgrs gSaA